Zullig, Leah L.
Bhatia, Haresh L.
Gellad, Ziad F.
Eatherly, Mark
Henderson, Rochelle
Bosworth, Hayden B. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6188-9825
Article History
Received: 13 July 2018
Accepted: 16 July 2019
First Online: 25 July 2019
Ethics approval and consent to participate
: Under provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), all individual patient identifiers were removed from analytical datasets. The design of this study was not submitted to an institutional review board since only de-identified administrative data were used. A statement of consent to participate is not applicable because this was a retrospective study and did not enroll participants.
: Not applicable.
: Drs. LLZ and ZFG are supported by Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Services Research and Development (HSR&D) Career Development Awards (CDAs 13–025 and 14–158). Dr. HBB is supported by a VA HSR&D Research Career Scientist (RCS) Award (RCS 08–027) and has research funding, unrelated to this work, from the PhRMA Foundation, Proteus Digital Health, CoverMyMeds, Improved Patient Outcomes, Sanofi pharmaceuticals, Otuska pharmaceuticals. Dr. RH, and ME are employees of Express Scripts Holding Inc. Dr. HBB was an employee of Express Scripts at the time of analysis. Dr. LLZ has research funding, unrelated to this work, from the PhRMA Foundation and Proteus Digital Health.